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Chronic alcohol consumption increases the risk for cancer of the organs and tissues of the respiratory tract and the upper digestive tract, liver, colon, rectum, and breast.
Epidemiologic studies of the last decades have unequivocally identified chronic alcohol consumption as an important risk factor for the development of various types of cancers, including cancers of the organs and tissues of the respiratory tract and the upper digestive tract , liver, colon or rectum , and breast.
For these types of cancer, the following associations with alcohol consumption have been found:
* The highest cancer risk associated with alcohol consumption is seen for the upper aerodigestive tract--that is, the oral cavity, throat , voice box, and esophagus. Heavy drinking (i.e., consumption of more than 80 g alcohol, or more than five to six drinks, per day (1)), especially combined with smoking, increases the risk of developing these cancers by a factor of 50 or more, depending on the population studied.
* Alcohol-related liver cancer primarily develops in people with liver cirrhosis resulting from chronic excessive alcohol use.
* The risk for alcohol-related colorectal and breast cancer is smaller than that for the upper aerodigestive tract cancer. However, because these types of cancer have a high prevalence in the Western world, alcohol likely is an important risk factor. One study calculated that 4 percent of all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases in the United States primarily result from alcohol consumption.